Effectors

Last updated May 26, 2023 Edit

• Biology
• Enzymes

• Increasing temperature increase rate of reaction
• Particles move faster and are therefore more likely to collide
• Temperature coefficient, Q10 = how much the rate of reaction increases with a 10℃ rise. (usually doubles)
• Optimum temperature is the temperature at which the rate of reaction is fastest
• Past optimum, the bonds holding the enzyme together vibrate, and eventually denature permanently.

• Organisms adapted to living in very hot temperatures
• Enzymes are more stable and shapes are more resilient to change
• More disulphide bridges are present

• Some enzymes have more flexible structures, and are therefore less stable
• Small temperature changes will denature them

• H⁺ ions decrease the pH
• Optimum pH is the level at which the rate of reaction is greatest
• H⁺ interacts with polar groups and charged R groups, causing bonds to break and substrate no longer fits into active site when pH is far from optimum

• As substrate concentration increases, the number of substrate molecules/atoms/ions in an area/volume increases

  • The same is true for enzyme concentration

• Increased chance of successful collisions

• Vmax is the maximum rate of reaction

  • It occurs when all active sites are occupied by substrate particles.

• Increasing enzyme concentration increases the number of active sites available
• This increases the number of enzyme-substrate complexes that can be formed, increasing the rate of reaction
• Vmax can be increased by increasing the substrate concentration and/or temperature

Enzymes